External and internal forcings: External forcing mechanisms involve agents acting from outside the climate system (e.g., Milankovitch cycles). Internal mechanisms operate within the climate system ...

Changes in Earth's orbit have helped pace climatic change for millennia. Scientists are now trying to understand whether - and how - these changes remodeled the landscapes our ancient ancestors ...

Without ice, a polar bear is not able to capture a seal. Astronomer Milutin Milankovitch developed the mathematical formulas upon which these orbital variations are based. He hypothesized that ...