Reasonable levels of external debt that help finance productive investment may be expected to enhance growth, but beyond certain levels additional indebtedness may reduce growth. An IMF study ...

The term over-indebtedness is used to describe debt which has become a major burden for the borrower. It can be caused by, and contributes to, social exclusion, financial exclusion and poverty. In ...

Professor James’s research challenges common assumptions about indebtedness, demonstrating how the structures propping up ‘credit apartheid’ in South Africa disadvantage its victims by enabling ...

A person is considered over-indebted when their income is insufficient to meet financial commitments and essentials over an extended period. Over-indebtedness can affect people of all income levels.