Hyponatremia occurs frequently in tropical diseases, as a result of increased levels of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), entry of sodium into cells, sodium loss and resetting of osmoreceptors.

Water and sodium retention during severe hypothyroidism create a state of volume depletion, low extracellular fluid osmolality and increased water retention. The hypothyroid population is ...

Background High feed osmolality (or osmolarity) is often suggested to be linked with adverse gastrointestinal events in preterm infants. Aim To systematically review the literature on milk feed ...