NAD deficiency perturbs embryonic development resulting in multiple congenital malformations, collectively termed Congenital NAD Deficiency Disorder (CNDD). The authors report fundamental findings ...

Studies in teratogenesis became prominent after thalidomide had been discovered as a teratogen. Since the 1960s, studies have been conducted to not only prevent birth defects, but also to quickly ...

In addition, we discuss how the chicken embryo has provided insight on the mechanisms of teratogenesis of many compounds and also how this impact on drug safety. In humans, data regarding congenital ...