Accordingly, the active energy contributed by ATP hydrolysis normally manifests in the form of an exothermal process, hence appearing as a non-conservative (dissipative) term to be added to the cell’s ...

Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and ...