Returning to formal logic, the logical deduction from the proof by contradiction or reductio ad absurdum is that the combination of reference one and reference two shows that the actions A shown ...

Inspired by Curry’s observation, the mathematical logician William Alvin Howard discovered a deeper link between computation and logic in 1969, showing that running a computer program is a lot like ...

Modal logic, an extension of classical logic, investigates the modes of truth such as necessity and possibility. Its development has been closely intertwined with advances in proof theory, a field ...

These are not biologists, climatologists or physicists. They don’t come from a field in which empirical models get a say in determining what counts as true. Instead they are mathematicians, ...

Logical Deduction in Economics . Economics is not readily verifiable or falsifiable by empirical quantitative analysis but flows from logical proofs.