Although phosphoric acid etchants present pH below 1 19, unground enamel surfaces were not totally attacked or conditioned by acid etching. The pH values of all self-etching systems tested were higher ...

Wet chemical etching has two major drawbacks; one is the safety and handling of the chemical etchants, and the other is undercutting the mask. Chemical etchants are designed to remove material. They ...

SEVERAL etchants, usually consisting of aqueous solutions of organic acids, have been shown 1–5 to produce etch pits at the points of emergence of dislocations on the rhombohedral cleavage faces ...

If nanometer-sized CPICs can affect the bonding strength of orthodontic brackets and prevent enamel damage through enamel remineralization, this study could serve as a basis for the development of new ...

In order to improve the electric capacity and thermal diffusivity on different types of power devices (DMOS, SJ, SGT, IGBT, etc.), the industry is always looking for better uniformity and suitable ...

Researchers have recently noted that glycolic acid (Gly), tartaric acid (Ta) and gluconic acid (Glu) resulted in adequate bonding performance and reduced dentin degradation and are potential ...

The main aim of this work was to determine and summarize the applicability of etching solutions for the preparation of examined solder joint samples after metallographic cross-sections. Each etchant ...